Total: £ 56.28
Published Date: 2025-04-23 | Pages: 79 | Tables: 77 | Pharma & Healthcare
The global Urokinase market size was US$ 49.8 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 70.6 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
Urokinase, also known as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is a serine protease present in humans and other animals. The human urokinase protein was discovered, but not named, by McFarlane and Pilling in 1947. Urokinase was originally isolated from human urine, and it is also present in the blood and in the extracellular matrix of many tissues. The primary physiological substrate of this enzyme is plasminogen, which is an inactive form (zymogen) of the serine protease plasmin.
Global key players of urokinase include Syner-Med, LIVZON, Wanhua Biochem, etc. The top three players hold a share about 50%. China is the largest market of Urokinase, holding a share about 56%, followed by Europe and North America.
The global Urokinase market is strategically segmented by company, region (country), by Type, and by Application. This report empowers stakeholders to capitalize on emerging opportunities, optimize product strategies, and outperform competitors through data-driven insights on sales, revenue, and forecasts across regions, by Type, and by Application for 2020-2031.
Market Segmentation
By Company:
Syner-Med
Wanhua Biochem
Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma
Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical
Techpool
Microbic Biosystems
LIVZON
By Type: (Dominant Segment vs High-Margin Innovation)
Urokinase Powder
Urokinase Solution
By Application: (Core Demand Driver vs Emerging Opportunity)
Hospital
Clinic
Others
By Region
Macro-Regional Analysis: Market Size & Growth Forecasts
- North America
- Europe
- Asia-Pacific
- South America
- Middle East & Africa
Micro-Local Market Deep Dive: Strategic Insights
- Competitive Landscape: Player dominance vs. disruptors (e.g., Syner-Med in Europe)
- Emerging Product Trends: Urokinase Powder adoption vs. Urokinase Solution premiumization
- Demand-Side Dynamics: Hospital growth in China vs. Clinic potential in North America
- Localized Consumer Needs: Regulatory hurdles in EU vs. price sensitivity in India
Focus Markets:
North America
Europe
China
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Report scope, executive summary, and market evolution scenarios (short/mid/long term).
Chapter 2: Quantitative analysis of Urokinase market size and growth potential at global, regional, and country levels.
Chapter 3: Competitive benchmarking of manufacturers (revenue, market share, M&A, R&D focus).
Chapter 4: Type-based segmentation analysis – Uncovering blue ocean markets (e.g., Urokinase Solution in China).
Chapter 5: Application-based segmentation analysis – High-growth downstream opportunities (e.g., Clinic in India).
Chapter 6: Regional sales and revenue breakdown by company, type, application and customer.
Chapter 7: Key manufacturer profiles – Financials, product portfolios, and strategic developments.
Chapter 8: Market dynamics – Drivers, restraints, regulatory impacts, and risk mitigation strategies.
Chapter 9: Actionable conclusions and strategic recommendations.
Why This Report?
This is not just another market study. By fusing global trend analysis with hyper-local operational intelligence, we deliver:
- Risk-Controlled Market Entry: Navigate regulatory complexities in focus markets (e.g., China’s policies).
- Product Portfolio Optimization: Align offerings with regional preferences (e.g., Urokinase Powder dominance in Europe vs. Urokinase Solution demand in MEA).
- Competitor Counterstrategies: Decode player tactics in fragmented vs. consolidated markets.
Research Methodology
The research methodology employed has been subjected by numerous procedures in order to guarantee the quality and accuracy of the data contained within the reports. The analysts are employed full-time and received more than six months training to satisfy the standard of our company. Our methodology can be divided into five stages:
★Stage 1 SECONDARY RESEARCH
The research team first collaborates with magazines, trade associations and administrative departments in the research field. The information provided by our internal documentation service is helpful for our further research. Our team has a wealth of experience and knowledge, and can effectively extract accurate information from existing resources.
★Stage 2 PRIMARY RESEARCH:INTERVIEWS WITH TRADE SOURCES
After the first stage, the research team conducts a large number of face-to-face or telephone interviews with representative companies working in the research field. Analysts are trying to have an opportunity to talk to leading companies and small companies in the field. Upstream suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, importers, installers, wholesalers and consumers were included in the interview. The data collected during the interview were then carefully examined and compared with the secondary study.
★Stage 3 ANALYSIS OF THE GATHERED DATA
The analysis team examines and synthesizes the data collected in the first two stages. In order to validate the data, a second round of interviews can be conducted.
★Stage 4 QUANTITATIVE DATA
The quantitative data such as market estimates, production and capacity of manufacturer, market forecasts and investment feasibility is provided by our company. The data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3.
★Stage 5 QUALITY CONTROL
Before publishing, each report undergoes a rigorous review and editing process, which is done by the experience management team to ensure the reliability of the published data. Every analyst on the research team receives support and continuous training as part of our internal quality process.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Urokinase Product Scope
1.2 Urokinase by Type
1.2.1 Global Urokinase Sales by Type (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
1.2.2 Urokinase Powder
1.2.3 Urokinase Solution
1.3 Urokinase by Application
1.3.1 Global Urokinase Sales Comparison by Application (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Clinic
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Urokinase Market Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.4.1 Global Urokinase Market Size in Value Growth Rate (2020-2031)
1.4.2 Global Urokinase Market Size in Volume Growth Rate (2020-2031)
1.4.3 Global Urokinase Price Trends (2020-2031)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Size and Prospective by Region
2.1 Global Urokinase Market Size by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
2.2 Global Urokinase Retrospective Market Scenario by Region (2020-2025)
2.2.1 Global Urokinase Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
2.2.2 Global Urokinase Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Urokinase Market Estimates and Forecasts by Region (2026-2031)
2.3.1 Global Urokinase Sales Estimates and Forecasts by Region (2026-2031)
2.3.2 Global Urokinase Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
2.4 Major Region and Emerging Market Analysis
2.4.1 North America Urokinase Market Size and Prospective (2020-2031)
2.4.2 Europe Urokinase Market Size and Prospective (2020-2031)
2.4.3 China Urokinase Market Size and Prospective (2020-2031)
3 Global Market Size by Type
3.1 Global Urokinase Historic Market Review by Type (2020-2025)
3.1.1 Global Urokinase Sales by Type (2020-2025)
3.1.2 Global Urokinase Revenue by Type (2020-2025)
3.1.3 Global Urokinase Price by Type (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Urokinase Market Estimates and Forecasts by Type (2026-2031)
3.2.1 Global Urokinase Sales Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
3.2.2 Global Urokinase Revenue Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
3.2.3 Global Urokinase Price Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
3.3 Different Types Urokinase Representative Players
4 Global Market Size by Application
4.1 Global Urokinase Historic Market Review by Application (2020-2025)
4.1.1 Global Urokinase Sales by Application (2020-2025)
4.1.2 Global Urokinase Revenue by Application (2020-2025)
4.1.3 Global Urokinase Price by Application (2020-2025)
4.2 Global Urokinase Market Estimates and Forecasts by Application (2026-2031)
4.2.1 Global Urokinase Sales Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
4.2.2 Global Urokinase Revenue Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
4.2.3 Global Urokinase Price Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
4.3 New Sources of Growth in Urokinase Application
5 Competition Landscape by Players
5.1 Global Urokinase Sales by Players (2020-2025)
5.2 Global Top Urokinase Players by Revenue (2020-2025)
5.3 Global Urokinase Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Urokinase as of 2024)
5.4 Global Urokinase Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
5.5 Global Key Manufacturers of Urokinase, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
5.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Urokinase, Product Type & Application
5.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Urokinase, Date of Enter into This Industry
5.8 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
6 Region Analysis
6.1 North America Market: Players, Segments, Downstream and Major Customers
6.1.1 North America Urokinase Sales by Company
6.1.1.1 North America Urokinase Sales by Company (2020-2025)
6.1.1.2 North America Urokinase Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
6.1.2 North America Urokinase Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
6.1.3 North America Urokinase Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
6.1.4 North America Urokinase Major Customer
6.1.5 North America Market Trend and Opportunities
6.2 Europe Market: Players, Segments, Downstream and Major Customers
6.2.1 Europe Urokinase Sales by Company
6.2.1.1 Europe Urokinase Sales by Company (2020-2025)
6.2.1.2 Europe Urokinase Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
6.2.2 Europe Urokinase Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
6.2.3 Europe Urokinase Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
6.2.4 Europe Urokinase Major Customer
6.2.5 Europe Market Trend and Opportunities
6.3 China Market: Players, Segments, Downstream and Major Customers
6.3.1 China Urokinase Sales by Company
6.3.1.1 China Urokinase Sales by Company (2020-2025)
6.3.1.2 China Urokinase Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
6.3.2 China Urokinase Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
6.3.3 China Urokinase Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
6.3.4 China Urokinase Major Customer
6.3.5 China Market Trend and Opportunities
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures
7.1 Syner-Med
7.1.1 Syner-Med Company Information
7.1.2 Syner-Med Business Overview
7.1.3 Syner-Med Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 Syner-Med Urokinase Products Offered
7.1.5 Syner-Med Recent Development
7.2 Wanhua Biochem
7.2.1 Wanhua Biochem Company Information
7.2.2 Wanhua Biochem Business Overview
7.2.3 Wanhua Biochem Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Wanhua Biochem Urokinase Products Offered
7.2.5 Wanhua Biochem Recent Development
7.3 Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma
7.3.1 Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Company Information
7.3.2 Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Business Overview
7.3.3 Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Urokinase Products Offered
7.3.5 Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Recent Development
7.4 Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical
7.4.1 Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Company Information
7.4.2 Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Business Overview
7.4.3 Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Urokinase Products Offered
7.4.5 Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Recent Development
7.5 Techpool
7.5.1 Techpool Company Information
7.5.2 Techpool Business Overview
7.5.3 Techpool Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5.4 Techpool Urokinase Products Offered
7.5.5 Techpool Recent Development
7.6 Microbic Biosystems
7.6.1 Microbic Biosystems Company Information
7.6.2 Microbic Biosystems Business Overview
7.6.3 Microbic Biosystems Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6.4 Microbic Biosystems Urokinase Products Offered
7.6.5 Microbic Biosystems Recent Development
7.7 LIVZON
7.7.1 LIVZON Company Information
7.7.2 LIVZON Business Overview
7.7.3 LIVZON Urokinase Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7.4 LIVZON Urokinase Products Offered
7.7.5 LIVZON Recent Development
8 Urokinase Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Urokinase Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Urokinase
8.4 Urokinase Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Urokinase Distributors List
9.3 Urokinase Customers
10 Urokinase Market Dynamics
10.1 Urokinase Industry Trends
10.2 Urokinase Market Drivers
10.3 Urokinase Market Challenges
10.4 Urokinase Market Restraints
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Research Methodology
12.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.1.2 Data Source
12.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.1.2.2 Primary Sources
12.2 Author Details
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Urokinase Sales (US$ Million) Growth Rate by Type (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
Table 2. Global Urokinase Sales (US$ Million) Comparison by Application (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
Table 3. Global Market Urokinase Market Size (US$ Million) by Region:2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 4. Global Urokinase Sales (BIU) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 5. Global Urokinase Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Urokinase Revenue (US$ Million) Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 7. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Urokinase Sales (BIU) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 9. Global Urokinase Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 10. Global Urokinase Revenue (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 11. Global Urokinase Revenue Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 12. Global Urokinase Sales by Type (BIU) & (2020-2025)
Table 13. Global Urokinase Sales Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 14. Global Urokinase Revenue by Type (US$ Million) & (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Urokinase Price by Type (US$/MIU) & (2020-2025)
Table 16. Global Urokinase Sales by Type (BIU) & (2026-2031)
Table 17. Global Urokinase Revenue by Type (US$ Million) & (2026-2031)
Table 18. Global Urokinase Price by Type (US$/MIU) & (2026-2031)
Table 19. Representative Players of Each Type
Table 20. Global Urokinase Sales by Application (BIU) & (2020-2025)
Table 21. Global Urokinase Sales Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 22. Global Urokinase Revenue by Application (US$ Million) & (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Urokinase Price by Application (US$/MIU) & (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Urokinase Sales by Application (BIU) & (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Urokinase Revenue Market Share by Application (US$ Million) & (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Urokinase Price by Application (US$/MIU) & (2026-2031)
Table 27. New Sources of Growth in Urokinase Application
Table 28. Global Urokinase Sales by Company (BIU) & (2020-2025)
Table 29. Global Urokinase Sales Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 30. Global Urokinase Revenue by Company (US$ Million) & (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 32. Global Urokinase by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Urokinase as of 2024)
Table 33. Global Market Urokinase Average Price by Company (US$/MIU) & (2020-2025)
Table 34. Global Key Manufacturers of Urokinase, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 35. Global Key Manufacturers of Urokinase, Product Type & Application
Table 36. Global Key Manufacturers of Urokinase, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 37. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 38. North America Urokinase Sales by Company (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 39. North America Urokinase Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 40. North America Urokinase Revenue by Company (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Urokinase Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 42. North America Urokinase Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 43. North America Urokinase Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 44. North America Urokinase Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 45. North America Urokinase Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 46. Europe Urokinase Sales by Company (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 47. Europe Urokinase Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 48. Europe Urokinase Revenue by Company (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Europe Urokinase Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 50. Europe Urokinase Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 51. Europe Urokinase Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Europe Urokinase Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 53. Europe Urokinase Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 54. China Urokinase Sales by Company (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 55. China Urokinase Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 56. China Urokinase Revenue by Company (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. China Urokinase Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2025)
Table 58. China Urokinase Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 59. China Urokinase Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 60. China Urokinase Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (BIU)
Table 61. China Urokinase Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Syner-Med Company Information
Table 63. Syner-Med Description and Business Overview
Table 64. Syner-Med Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 65. Syner-Med Urokinase Product
Table 66. Syner-Med Recent Development
Table 67. Wanhua Biochem Company Information
Table 68. Wanhua Biochem Description and Business Overview
Table 69. Wanhua Biochem Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 70. Wanhua Biochem Urokinase Product
Table 71. Wanhua Biochem Recent Development
Table 72. Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Company Information
Table 73. Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Description and Business Overview
Table 74. Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Urokinase Product
Table 76. Jiangxi Haoran Bio-Pharma Recent Development
Table 77. Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Company Information
Table 78. Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Description and Business Overview
Table 79. Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 80. Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Urokinase Product
Table 81. Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Recent Development
Table 82. Techpool Company Information
Table 83. Techpool Description and Business Overview
Table 84. Techpool Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 85. Techpool Urokinase Product
Table 86. Techpool Recent Development
Table 87. Microbic Biosystems Company Information
Table 88. Microbic Biosystems Description and Business Overview
Table 89. Microbic Biosystems Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 90. Microbic Biosystems Urokinase Product
Table 91. Microbic Biosystems Recent Development
Table 92. LIVZON Company Information
Table 93. LIVZON Description and Business Overview
Table 94. LIVZON Urokinase Sales (BIU), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/MIU) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 95. LIVZON Urokinase Product
Table 96. LIVZON Recent Development
Table 97. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 98. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 99. Urokinase Distributors List
Table 100. Urokinase Customers List
Table 101. Urokinase Market Trends
Table 102. Urokinase Market Drivers
Table 103. Urokinase Market Challenges
Table 104. Urokinase Market Restraints
Table 105. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 106. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 107. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Urokinase Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Urokinase Sales (US$ Million) by Type (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
Figure 3. Global Urokinase Sales Market Share by Type in 2024 & 2031
Figure 4. Urokinase Powder Product Picture
Figure 5. Urokinase Solution Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Urokinase Sales (US$ Million) by Application (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
Figure 7. Global Urokinase Sales Market Share by Application in 2024 & 2031
Figure 8. Hospital Examples
Figure 9. Clinic Examples
Figure 10. Others Examples
Figure 11. Global Urokinase Sales, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Urokinase Sales Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Urokinase Sales (BIU) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Urokinase Price Trends Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$/MIU)
Figure 15. Urokinase Report Years Considered
Figure 16. Global Market Urokinase Market Size (US$ Million) by Region:2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 17. Global Urokinase Revenue Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024
Figure 18. North America Urokinase Revenue (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 19. North America Urokinase Sales (BIU) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Europe Urokinase Revenue (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 21. Europe Urokinase Sales (BIU) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 22. China Urokinase Revenue (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 23. China Urokinase Sales (BIU) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 24. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 25. Global Urokinase Sales Share by Type (2026-2031)
Figure 26. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Type (2026-2031)
Figure 27. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 28. Global Urokinase Revenue Growth Rate by Application in 2020 & 2024
Figure 29. Global Urokinase Sales Share by Application (2026-2031)
Figure 30. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Application (2026-2031)
Figure 31. Global Urokinase Sales Share by Company (2024)
Figure 32. Global Urokinase Revenue Share by Company (2024)
Figure 33. Global 5 Largest Urokinase Players Market Share by Revenue in Urokinase: 2020 & 2024
Figure 34. Urokinase Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 35. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Urokinase
Figure 36. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Urokinase
Figure 37. Urokinase Industrial Chain
Figure 38. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 39. Distributors Profiles
Figure 40. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 41. Data Triangulation
Figure 42. Key Executives Interviewed